Written by Ari Julianto
In writing a skripsi/thesis, the use of discourse makers plays an important role. In linguistics, a discourse marker is a word or phrase that is relatively syntax-independent and does not change the meaning of the sentence, and has a somewhat empty meaning.
In Practical English Usage Michael Swan defines a 'discourse marker' as 'a word or expression which shows the connection between what is being said and the wider context'. For him, it is something that a) connects a sentence to what comes before or after, or b) indicates a speaker's attitude to what he is saying.
Discourse makers can be grouped according to their function in the discourse. Here are some groups of markers that might help you when you need a little variety.
1. Ordering points or sequencing
Firstly, …; secondly, …; finally,…
2. Adding something
Moreover, …; Furthermore,…; Further,…; In addition,…; Additionally,…
NOTE: “Besides” is mainly used in speaking
3. Comparing (similarity)
Similarly,…; … likewise,…; equally,…
4. Comparing (difference – establishing contrast)
… However,…; in fact,…; On the other hand,…; …, rather,…; In contrast, …; On the contrary,…; Nervertheless,…; Nonetheless,…; …, yet … (MORE FORMAL)
5. Introducing a cause
As a result of…; Because of…; Because…; Owing to …; Due to…
6. Introducing a result
Consequently…; Therefore…; Hence,…; As a result,…; Thus,…; So …; Then…
7. Exemplifying
For example,…; For instance,…; Notably,…
8. Restating
In other words,…; that is,…; namely,…
9. Generalising
In general, …; generally,…; on the whole,…
10. Summarising
In summary,…; In conclusion
Hopefully, today's posting will be useful for all of us. Amin.
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