Citation in Skripsi
or Thesis
Written by Ari Julianto
Today's posting I would like to discuss about citations found in a skripsi or thesis. Within
academia, different disciplines have their own conventions for citing authors.
I. Definition and Kinds
The American Heritage Disctionary ofEenglish Language defines citation as
follows n. Abbr. cit. 1. The act of citing. 2. a. A quoting of an authoritative
source for substantiation. b. A source so cited; a quotation.
There are two kinds of citation found in writing a skripsi, they
are
a. In the body of a sentence. For example
According to Holmes and Smith (1986), gender is an important
feature in language.
b. In brackets. For example
Gender is an important feature in language (Holmes &
Smith, 1986).
There is no rule concerning which citation method – whether
citing authors in the body of a sentence or in brackets – is best. Either
method is fine. However, it is always useful for the reader to provide variety
when citing authors in our assignment. So, try to alternate between these two
methods.
II. Reference Verbs
To avoid relying on the same verbs when introducing authors
into our sentence, as in the case of “McDonald (1992) says…” or “Anderson
(2003) states…”, a list of verbs is provided to add variety to your sentence
embedded citations.
agrees- asserts-believes-claims-comments; concedes that-challenges;
concludes; compare-defines; delves deeper-describes-examines; explains;
explores; echoes-feels; felt that-focuses on-goes further-holds that-insists;
includes; identifies-is clear that; was clear on-maintains; mentions-notes-observes-points
out; points to-prefers; poses-provides evidence-qualifies-recalls; recounts-refers
to-reminds; responds-reports; reveals-says; sees-shows-speaks of-states;
suggests-summarises; supports-tells; tells of-touches on-verifies-writes that
III. Two or More authors
If there are two or more authors with the same surname,
regardless of year of publication, include their first initials to distinguish
the publications.
- In the body of a sentence
According to R. B. Holmes (1995) and J. S. Holmes (1995),
management principles underlie many organizational practices.
- In brackets
Management principles underlie many organisational practices
(R. B. Holmes, 1995; J. S. Holmes, 1995).
If there are two or more publications written by the same
author in the same year, then add the letter “a” immediately after the year of
the first publication mentioned in the text, and add the letter “b” after the second,
and so on. Ensure the same detail is reflected in your Reference List. For
example
McMillan (1992a) illustrates cross-cultural awareness in
organisations, while
McMillan (1992b) argues for the significance of gender in
cross-cultural awareness.
When stating the same author twice in a single paragraph,
the year only needs mentioning the first time in the paragraph (unless it could
be confused with another reference, such as in the case of publications written
by the same author in the same year). For example
The notion of anger has been debated for centuries
(Wilkinson, 1976). Indeed, Wilkinson points out that….
For works with no identifiable date, include n.d. in
brackets.Example
The notion of anger has been debated for centuries
(Wilkinson, n.d.).
When citing a publication written by three to five authors,
for the first text citation, include all names. On subsequent citations, state
the first author followed by “et al.”, which is a Latin abbreviation for “et
als”,meaning “and others”. Example
- In the body of a sentence
According to Slater et al. (1978, p. 120), it is important
to establish the grounds of the argument.
- In brackets
It is important to establish the grounds of the argument
(Slater et al. 1978, p. 120).
For works of six or more authors, for all citations,
including the fi rst, include the fi rst author’s surname followed by “et al.” In the case of secondary citations, that is when a source
you are using cites someone else’s work – which is the work you want to
include, but you do not have access to the original document – it is important
to acknowledge both the original source and the source you have access to. When
documenting both sources in brackets, use “as cited in” before the secondary
source. Example
Riechter’s (1984, as cited in Smith, 2003) study highlights
how business models offer a framework for understanding commercial mechanisms.
The following examples illustrate the citation style, i.e.
the way in which the sources for any quotations should be given:
One author: Name, year of publication. E.g.: (Brusset,
2009), if the source follows a section or Brusset (2009), if the reference is
placed inside the text.
Two authors: Names of
both authors, year of publication. E.g.: (Gopen and Swan,1990) or Gopen and
Swan (1990).
More than two authors: Add "et al." E.g.:
(Frizzell et al., 2003) or Frizzell et al.(2003). (Note that all authors have
to be listed in the bibliography.)
For different publications by the same author in the same
year, use small Arabian letters in addition to the year. E.g.: (Meier, 1990a),
(Meier, 1990b) or Meier (1990a), Meier (1990b).
When using a book as a source for quotation, the page number
should be included (if a section is based on more than one page, add
"f", for more than two pages add "ff"). Independent of the
type of source (journal, book etc.), direct quotes should always include a page
number. E.g.: (Meier, 1999, pp. 30f) or Meier (1999, pp.30f).
(taken from any sources)
Hope today's posting will be useful for all of us. Amien.
Hello sir
BalasHapusI like have been a part of this blog
After read this article,I become to know how to cite authors'articles in right ways.
this is very useful for me in doing my assignment for next time :)
Thank you, Mr. Wendy. I hope what you have read will be useful for you now and forever. Amin.
Hapusandai tahu website ini lebih awal :v
BalasHapus